Week Assignment

However, each company must access their unique situation and environment to determine if IT outsourcing is the method going forward. There can be immense fiscal and operational benefits, but also significant risks. Factors for Outsourcing The most obvious factor in whether or not to outsource is cost. Companies are driven by profits. If the cost of outsourcing ammonium's the Return on Investment (ROI) then it is unlikely executive management would consider the option. However, in today's environment companies like Amazon are able to achieve vast efficiencies by consolidating massive resources into a globalInfrastructure as a Service (alas) capability. Services like SAWS can establish thousands of virtual servers within an hour. All within Amazon's mature, secure, and stable environment Another factor for outsourcing is, in by doing so, allowing a company to focus on its core competency and not be burdened by IT requirements. Additionally, companies like SAWS provide robust, scalable, and leading edge capabilities that would be, for most, excessively burdensome to plan, implement, maintain, and operate. However, though SAWS can deliver organizational requirements to the majority of potential customers, some are more feasible than others.Big data companies which have massive analytics requirements need customized server configurations to attain deliverable efficiencies. Though Amazon and others have made strides in accomplishing just that, they cannot compete with a costly in-house implementation. Risks in Outsourcing Companies like Amazon have changed the thinking paradigm of risks associated with outsourcing IT. Not even 5-10 years ago companies were concerned with risks such as quality of services, reliable ¶y', and excessive dependency. Today the environment differs significantly. Companies sign up with Amazon in search of reliability.Quality of service is impeccable and Amazon institutes a fee for service marketing platform so companies only pay for what t hey use. However, there are other risks that cannot be overlooked. One of these key risks is security. Though Amazon likely has a healthy security posture, due to their immense success, has also become a key hacker target. Storing all company data to an external vendor must make management a little uneasy. Corporate intellectual property and the trust of a company's customers can be shaken by one significant breach. Is it worth the risk?Outsourcing Costs Services like Amazon have made it increasingly attractive to consider outsourcing with their fee for service model. In a server brutalized environment CHIP cores, memory, and storage is shared. SAWS only charges customers for what they use. In the contrary, in an in-house solution, the costs don't stop when operations do. There are reoccurring costs associated with power, facilities, support contracts, etc. All these costs vanish when utilizing an alas capability such as SAWS. Not to mention a reduction in staff as robust IT staff w ill no longer be required if there is minimal infrastructure to support.Implications of Outsourcing IT If the decision is made to outsource IT, it would alter the face of the organization business structure as whole groups may be removed. Internal IT operations impact almost every facet of an organization. Finance and HER need to support the additional IT staff and IT operational costs. Fewer individuals typically reduce liability risks associated with general operations. Security needs to be enforced in data centers and other highly sensitive IT infrastructure areas. The need for a CIO and/or COT would be somewhat reduced.Lastly, the need for an IT tier 3 and above staff could be potentially completely eliminated. Outsourcing IT would create a lean organization focused on its core competencies and more likely to attain that elusive competitive advantage in its marketplace. Outsourcing IT is here and it's here to stay. Companies will find it more and more difficult to be competitive in a market where your competitors are not burdened by IT requirements. Cost, efficiencies, and strategic vision are several of the many factors to consider with IT outsourcing. Week Assignment With respect to the tasks and duties of the administrative anager, the successful candidate is responsible for maintaining administrative staff through recruitment, selection, organization, orientation, and constant training; maintaining a secure and safe job environment; initiating and developing opportunities for employee growth and development; accomplishing employee resu Its through effective communication of job expectations, timely planning, continuous monitoring, and periodic appraisal of job results; provision of coaching and counselling services for the employees; overseeing of discipline matters within the organization; and initiating, enforcing, and coordinating organizational olicies and vital procedures. In addition, s/he will ensure strong labor relations and employment conditions, maintain records, prepare reports, compose correspondence, and develop budget recommendations for personal services and capital outlay.To execute the abovementioned duties with ease, the admi nistrative assistant will require various technological tools and equipment. In this regard, s/he should be well versed with use of laptop computers, personal digital assistants, multi-line telephone systems, and photocopying equipment. In addition a suitable candidate should be onversant with the technology that is essential for this occupation. This includes accounting software, spreadsheet software, electronic mail software, enterprise resource planning software, and desktop publishing software. Besides having essential technological competencies, a suitable administrative assistant should be knowledgeable in different areas and have diverse skills and abilities.In this regard, s/he should have knowledge of the principles of personal as well as customer services, clerical systems and procedures, English language, mathematics, economics and accounting, omputers and electronics, personnel and human resources, and sales and marketing. Fundamental skills for this job occupation range from active listening, effective coordination, time management, and speaking to critical thinking, sound judgment, effective decision making, and negotiation. Essential abilities entail oral expression, inductive and deductive reasoning, speech recognition and clarity, oral comprehension, written expression, and problem sensitivity. With respect to educational requirement, an ideal candidate should have a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration or any other related field.Recruitment Method The process of recruiting employees gives human resource managers an opportunity to reach out to prospective staffs and select suitable candidates for any job occupation. There are various ways that can be used to advertise the abovementioned post and select a suitable candidate to fill it. According to Gatewood, Field and Barrick (201 0), employment agencies locate and screen candidates on behalf of the employers. They use accredited procedures to choose suitable staffs and present them to employers within the shortest time. using this, employers are able to access individuals that ave sufficient relevant skills in a timely manner. Relative to this is employment of online recruitment companies or job banks.Gatewood et al (2010) ascertains that there are various online recruitment companies that give employers an opportunity to advertise emergent job opportunities. ikewise, this approach enables employers to find suitable candidates quickly and cost effectively. In addition, employers using this strategy connect with applicants from diverse backgrounds. They are able to choose experienced candidates whose qualifications are consistent with their job specifications. Assessment Methods As indicated earlier, successful organizational wellbeing relies on the effective performance of its human resources. Ma and Allen (2009) posit that to ensure recruitment Of competent staff, it is vital to understand employee behavior.Presumably, behavior influences attitudes and decisions of staffs in different ways. Psychometric tests can be used to evaluate qualified candidates to determine and understand their individuality. Results of these measurement tools are imperative for predicting employee behavior and maximizing their value with respect to job performance. From the job description, it is pparent that the administrative assistant will interact with fellow employees as well as clients at different levels. Effective performance requires high level commitment and relevant and sufficient competencies including strong interpersonal skills. Employee behavior has direct impacts on his or her mannerisms and general wellbeing.Upfront determination of this enables employers to optimize staff performance by providing suitable opportun ities for empowerment, growth, and development in a timely manner. Another ideal employee assessment method in this context would be use of oral nterviews. The interview strategy is important for generating vital information pertaining to the attitudes, skills, and behaviors of employees (DeCenzo, Robbins , 2012). Using well-structured and customized interview schedules, employers lure the staffs into providing a wealth of information about their abilities, opinions, and experiences. Using this information, employers are able to make vital decisions regarding ideal job placements, resource allocation, and strategic planning. Week Assignment He's bursting with excitement about everything the â€Å"new world† has to offer. He literally tells everyone in England to make the voyage. But that each parish, or village, in Cite, or Country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of heritage or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there bee a sufficient power to command them, houses to receive them, means to defend them, and meet provisions for them. † (52) Smith is incredibly passionate about the land here, and obviously thinks it has more to offer than England. However, he also urges the English that they need a vast array of occupations here to truly thrive.He also tells them that they, too, will succeed. â€Å"Carpenters, Masons, Fishers, Fowlers, Gardeners, Husbandmen, Sawyers, Smiths, Spinsters, Tailors, Weavers, and such Like The Masters by this may quickly grower rich. † (52) On the other hand, William Bradford writes in â€Å"Of Plymouth Plantation† how remarkably dangerous the trip across the water actually is. The footnote to the first portion of the first sentence refers to a ship going down and everyone having to move themselves and their possessions from the Speedwell to the Mayflower.Not everyone survived the crossing; one seaman and one passenger died while at sea: â€Å"There was a proud and err profane young man, one of the seamen, of a lusty, able body, which made him more the haughty; he would always be contemning the poor people in their sickness and cursing them daily with grievous execration's; and did not let to tell them that he hoped to help cast half of them overboard before they came to their Journeys end, and to make merry with what they had; and If he were by any gently reproved, he would curse and swear most bitterly.But It pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of whi ch he died In a separate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard. † (54) I can about being seasick ends up the first to perish on the sea. Was it Just an ironic work of fate, or was it karma? Bradford writes in quick detail about the storms they faced and survived, which landed them in Cape Cod. He details one of the storms where they had to drift and could not sail onward. And in one of them, as they thus lay at hull in a mighty storm, a lusty young man called John Holland, coming upon some occasion above the gratings was, with a sell of the ship, thrown into sea; but it leased God that he caught hold of the topsail halyards which hung overboard and ran out at length. † (55) Bradford continues in his book about how they found a place to reside, but it wasn't without worry. The Pilgrims had to be extremely careful any time they went out to hunt or gather food and water, any time they explored a new territory, and any time they slept!The weather was turning cold, and they needed food and a place to build homes. They came across an abandoned Indian dwelling and took what food they found. â€Å"Which, they digging up, found in them divers fair Indian baskets filled with corn, and some in ears, fair and good, of divers colors†¦ † (60) After their dinghy was fixed and ready for shallower waters, they â€Å"found more of [the Indians'] corn and of their beans of various colors. † (60) If the Pilgrims hadn't come across the Indian's corn and beans, along with the seeds, they would have likely starved.It took them a month to find a decent place to settle and make camp, and an additional 10 days to actually get to the area free from Indians and start building. They had started exploring the lands on November 1 5th, then â€Å"On the 1 5th of December they weighed anchor to go to the place they had discovered, and came within two leagues of it, but were fain to bear up again; but on the 16th day, the wind came fair, and they arrived safe in this harbor.And afterwards took better view of the place, and resolved where to pitch their dwelling; and the 25th day began to erect the first house for common use to receive them and their goods. † (64) While on the Mayflower, there were Pilgrims (those who made the passage for religious reasons) and Strangers (those who came for business). The Pilgrims came together and wrote he Mayflower Compact, which is widely believed to have been the foundation of our Constitution. After this they chose, or rather confirmed, Mr.. John Carver (a man godly and well approved amongst them) their Governor for that year. † (65) Our excerpt of Bradford book concludes with their first Thanksgiving. They had a small harvest and started bracing their houses against the coming winter. The Pilgrims that survived the trip and the illnesses after coming to land were â€Å"well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. † (66) Week assignment Pornography degrades values that are held in high regard in a society. Pornography ought to be recognized as a form of free speech. And B B and C Question 8. 8. Which statement might be used to argue that pornography ought to be extensively regulated? (Points : 1) Pornography demonstrates realistic forms of sexual intercourse. Pornography provides enjoyment to millions of people. Pornography denigrates women. Pornography creates realistic perspectives about healthy relationships. None of the above Question 9. 9.Which statement might a libertarian most agree with? (Points : 1) The state should be responsible for the welfare of its citizens. The state should be allowed to restrict freedom whenever it deems it necessary to do so. Tate should restrict freedoms based on the greatest happiness of the citizens. The state should only be allowed to restrict behavior that harms others. None of the above Question 10. 10. John Stuart Mill would most agree with which statement? (Points : 1) The g overnment cannot limit freedoms of the citizens without circumstantial evidence.The government can only limit freedom when people's actions would harm themselves. The government can only limit freedom when people's actions would harm others. The government cannot limit freedoms of the citizens without forensic evidence. Study all 40 terms Study O Terms only Most philosophers believe that intentions are important when Judging the morality of an action, but for utilitarian the sole criterion is the action's consequences. True Which of the following expressions would you be most likely to hear utilitarian using to Justify their actions? The ends Justify the means. † Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration when performing Bantam's utilitarian calculus? The intensity of pleasure. 1 . In the early sass during times of revolution, rape, rampage, and chaos in certain areas of the world, the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy supplied its nuns with birth control pills. The reasoning was that, although the church opposed use of the Pill, the risk of rape and resultant pregnancy was so great as to override religious objections to the Pill.This Justification illustrates what sort of ethical system? Utilitarian Regarding the confinement raising of chickens for food, Jeremy Beneath would most likely argue that it is Not morally acceptable because chickens experience pain. According to utilitarianism individual happiness is the highest moral good. People achieve happiness by pursuing their rational self-interests. Therefore, people ought to pursue their rational self-interests. False Which of the following did Mill regard as our most important moral duty/right?Malefaction Suppose that an anti-abortionist assassinates an abortionist, claiming that, â€Å"The end justifies the means: It is better to kill one human now, than to allow that person to kill many humans (perform abortions) in the future. † This assassin's reasoning adheres to whic h ethical system. To a rule-utilitarian, we should in any particular situation, follow the rule that in mineral brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Utilitarian would support voluntary euthanasia, especially when the pain in a person's life outweighs the pleasure that he or she derives from living.According to which ethical system does the rightness or wrongness of an act depend on the act itself and not on its consequences? Deontological system Ethnologist S. Book suggests that, although lying is generally wrong, there may be isolated cases where the duty to lie conflicts with the more important duty to protect innocent human life. In these cases, lying may be morally Justified. This view will lead to the notion of: Prima facie duties. The development of proper self-esteem (the duty of self-improvement) in Demonology requires that we: Cultivate the good will.Which of the following, according to Kant, is a characteristic of moral maxims and duties? They are u niversally binding. According to prima facie ethnologists, a moral duty is binding unless it: Conflicts with a more compelling moral duty. Dry. Jack Sovereign has assisted numerous people in committing suicide, each of whom felt that his or her life was no longer worth living because of disease, disability, r terminal illness. Which of the following people would be most likely to disapprove of Dry.Asseveration's actions? Emmanuel Kant The categorical imperative requires us to: Always treat persons as ends-in-themselves. Identify the philosopher who said: â€Å"so act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end in itself, never as a means only. † Emmanuel Kant. â€Å"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law,† is an ethical principle advocated by: Cant's demonologies. Week Assignment However, each company must access their unique situation and environment to determine if IT outsourcing is the method going forward. There can be immense fiscal and operational benefits, but also significant risks. Factors for Outsourcing The most obvious factor in whether or not to outsource is cost. Companies are driven by profits. If the cost of outsourcing ammonium's the Return on Investment (ROI) then it is unlikely executive management would consider the option. However, in today's environment companies like Amazon are able to achieve vast efficiencies by consolidating massive resources into a globalInfrastructure as a Service (alas) capability. Services like SAWS can establish thousands of virtual servers within an hour. All within Amazon's mature, secure, and stable environment Another factor for outsourcing is, in by doing so, allowing a company to focus on its core competency and not be burdened by IT requirements. Additionally, companies like SAWS provide robust, scalable, and leading edge capabilities that would be, for most, excessively burdensome to plan, implement, maintain, and operate. However, though SAWS can deliver organizational requirements to the majority of potential customers, some are more feasible than others.Big data companies which have massive analytics requirements need customized server configurations to attain deliverable efficiencies. Though Amazon and others have made strides in accomplishing just that, they cannot compete with a costly in-house implementation. Risks in Outsourcing Companies like Amazon have changed the thinking paradigm of risks associated with outsourcing IT. Not even 5-10 years ago companies were concerned with risks such as quality of services, reliable ¶y', and excessive dependency. Today the environment differs significantly. Companies sign up with Amazon in search of reliability.Quality of service is impeccable and Amazon institutes a fee for service marketing platform so companies only pay for what t hey use. However, there are other risks that cannot be overlooked. One of these key risks is security. Though Amazon likely has a healthy security posture, due to their immense success, has also become a key hacker target. Storing all company data to an external vendor must make management a little uneasy. Corporate intellectual property and the trust of a company's customers can be shaken by one significant breach. Is it worth the risk?Outsourcing Costs Services like Amazon have made it increasingly attractive to consider outsourcing with their fee for service model. In a server brutalized environment CHIP cores, memory, and storage is shared. SAWS only charges customers for what they use. In the contrary, in an in-house solution, the costs don't stop when operations do. There are reoccurring costs associated with power, facilities, support contracts, etc. All these costs vanish when utilizing an alas capability such as SAWS. Not to mention a reduction in staff as robust IT staff w ill no longer be required if there is minimal infrastructure to support.Implications of Outsourcing IT If the decision is made to outsource IT, it would alter the face of the organization business structure as whole groups may be removed. Internal IT operations impact almost every facet of an organization. Finance and HER need to support the additional IT staff and IT operational costs. Fewer individuals typically reduce liability risks associated with general operations. Security needs to be enforced in data centers and other highly sensitive IT infrastructure areas. The need for a CIO and/or COT would be somewhat reduced.Lastly, the need for an IT tier 3 and above staff could be potentially completely eliminated. Outsourcing IT would create a lean organization focused on its core competencies and more likely to attain that elusive competitive advantage in its marketplace. Outsourcing IT is here and it's here to stay. Companies will find it more and more difficult to be competitive in a market where your competitors are not burdened by IT requirements. Cost, efficiencies, and strategic vision are several of the many factors to consider with IT outsourcing. Week assignment Pornography degrades values that are held in high regard in a society. Pornography ought to be recognized as a form of free speech. And B B and C Question 8. 8. Which statement might be used to argue that pornography ought to be extensively regulated? (Points : 1) Pornography demonstrates realistic forms of sexual intercourse. Pornography provides enjoyment to millions of people. Pornography denigrates women. Pornography creates realistic perspectives about healthy relationships. None of the above Question 9. 9.Which statement might a libertarian most agree with? (Points : 1) The state should be responsible for the welfare of its citizens. The state should be allowed to restrict freedom whenever it deems it necessary to do so. Tate should restrict freedoms based on the greatest happiness of the citizens. The state should only be allowed to restrict behavior that harms others. None of the above Question 10. 10. John Stuart Mill would most agree with which statement? (Points : 1) The g overnment cannot limit freedoms of the citizens without circumstantial evidence.The government can only limit freedom when people's actions would harm themselves. The government can only limit freedom when people's actions would harm others. The government cannot limit freedoms of the citizens without forensic evidence. Study all 40 terms Study O Terms only Most philosophers believe that intentions are important when Judging the morality of an action, but for utilitarian the sole criterion is the action's consequences. True Which of the following expressions would you be most likely to hear utilitarian using to Justify their actions? The ends Justify the means. † Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration when performing Bantam's utilitarian calculus? The intensity of pleasure. 1 . In the early sass during times of revolution, rape, rampage, and chaos in certain areas of the world, the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy supplied its nuns with birth control pills. The reasoning was that, although the church opposed use of the Pill, the risk of rape and resultant pregnancy was so great as to override religious objections to the Pill.This Justification illustrates what sort of ethical system? Utilitarian Regarding the confinement raising of chickens for food, Jeremy Beneath would most likely argue that it is Not morally acceptable because chickens experience pain. According to utilitarianism individual happiness is the highest moral good. People achieve happiness by pursuing their rational self-interests. Therefore, people ought to pursue their rational self-interests. False Which of the following did Mill regard as our most important moral duty/right?Malefaction Suppose that an anti-abortionist assassinates an abortionist, claiming that, â€Å"The end justifies the means: It is better to kill one human now, than to allow that person to kill many humans (perform abortions) in the future. † This assassin's reasoning adheres to whic h ethical system. To a rule-utilitarian, we should in any particular situation, follow the rule that in mineral brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Utilitarian would support voluntary euthanasia, especially when the pain in a person's life outweighs the pleasure that he or she derives from living.According to which ethical system does the rightness or wrongness of an act depend on the act itself and not on its consequences? Deontological system Ethnologist S. Book suggests that, although lying is generally wrong, there may be isolated cases where the duty to lie conflicts with the more important duty to protect innocent human life. In these cases, lying may be morally Justified. This view will lead to the notion of: Prima facie duties. The development of proper self-esteem (the duty of self-improvement) in Demonology requires that we: Cultivate the good will.Which of the following, according to Kant, is a characteristic of moral maxims and duties? They are u niversally binding. According to prima facie ethnologists, a moral duty is binding unless it: Conflicts with a more compelling moral duty. Dry. Jack Sovereign has assisted numerous people in committing suicide, each of whom felt that his or her life was no longer worth living because of disease, disability, r terminal illness. Which of the following people would be most likely to disapprove of Dry.Asseveration's actions? Emmanuel Kant The categorical imperative requires us to: Always treat persons as ends-in-themselves. Identify the philosopher who said: â€Å"so act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end in itself, never as a means only. † Emmanuel Kant. â€Å"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law,† is an ethical principle advocated by: Cant's demonologies.

Organizational Design and Structure Essay

People are interested in great stories of great success. Lincoln Electric uses such practices as Intensive employee involvement (Advisory committee, Suggestions plan); Job security; Compensation (Piece-rate system, Bonuses, Report cards); Points for process improvements; Strong management control; No paid sick days; No paid training. General Electric is committed to equal employment opportunity, a basic of a free society. By continuing to extend equal opportunity and provide fair treatment to all employees on the basis of merit, we will improve GE’s success while enhancing the progress of individuals and the communities where our businesses are located. These two companies have different structures. But they are both successful. A narrow span of control consists of only a few employees; a wide span of control includes many employees. The tendency nowadays is to flatten organizations by widening the span of control and decreasing the layers of management (hierarchy), and by relying more on employee teams to take on many of the roles formerly performed only by managers. There is a limit to number of employees any one manager can properly supervise. If a supervisor has a wide span-of-control she is supervising activities of many people. If span-of-control is narrow few subordinates report to her. Wide span-of-control is possible in most assembly line situations where each employee has only a few repetitive tasks to perform. Wide span-of-control is possible in situations where subordinates are highly educated. Narrow span-of-control is advisable when cost of making an error or wrong decision is high. History indicates that a wide span-of-control is more productive in long-run. While different, Gen X and Gen Y have some similarities. Both will demand a more innovative workplace, with flexible hours, state-of-the-art resources, cooperative scheduling and supervisors who listen. One of the reasons Gen X and Y will be so valuable is that there will be a shortage of skilled managers to replace the retiring Traditionalists and Boomers. Developing experienced and skilled young managers will become vital to any organization hoping to compete in the future. The Apprentice. I will advice for women and men to improve the following features: Leadership takes courage and initiative. (Initiative is a critical component of good leadership. ); Self-awareness and self-correcting leadership; High energy. (A great leadership rule: if you want it, model it); No direction (clarity of roles and expectations), protection or order. A successful leader with a new team needs to set the stage for success by facilitating an initial session (order) to determine how the team will work together most effectively to achieve their task or goal. A leader should inspire confidence by creating a safe container (protection) for the team to elicit the highest of collaboration, creativity and effective strategy. All components of organisational design and structure were taken up. Organizational Redesign is structuring an organization, division or department to optimize how it supplies products and services to its clients and customers. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization.

Analysis of Community Disadvantage Service

The health is the biggest asset for an individual. Every human being wants to live a long on this earth. However, the health-related issues majorly serve as the obstacles for their long existence on the earth. Even, the current condition of the internal health of the human being is not as per the expectation. Sometimes, serious problems occur due to the wrong treatment and wrong information about the health-related issues. The team of Human Longevity, Inc. helps persons to provide them necessary information regarding this. Human Longevity, Inc. was founded in 2013 (Humanlongevity.com, 2017). It is basically a fast growing company. The main concern of the associates of this company is to take care of the human health sincerely. In fact, the leaders associated with the genomics are the main figures to establish this company. However, Archibald & Rankin (2013) have stated that the fundamental target of this company regarding the human health is to provide data-based health intelligence. This company is duly associated with the healthcare and medicine industry. The customers of this company systematically go through the sequential medical test process in order to identify the primary symptoms of some critical issues like heart diseases cancers and Alzheimer’s. This public healthcare company is situated in San Diego in California. Due to this, the management of this company can able to get a huge range of people to be focused on for the successful execution of their functional purposes. This private company is basically a large business sector operating almost the entire US. As developed technologies are applied in the revolutionary practice of the medical genre, the outcomes of the research of this company have also been accepted by the majority of the audiences (Guy et al. 2015). Even, the management of this company has also able to understand the individual health condition along with the specific risk factors associated with that. It has been greatly observed that people are not well aware of the processes through which they can prevent the impact of aging on them. However, Piper et al. (2015) have also noticed that people have a natural tendency to hide their age through using different products. In fact, the major reason of their early, as well as normal aging is the impact of disease on them. Therefore, there is a huge audience and interested people to go through the database medical tests and information in order to fight against those diseases. On the other hand, the focus of this company is normally on the aged people and this segmentation of the customers has its impact on the market share and profit of this company. It has been clearly noticed that the management of Human Longevity, Inc. has investment around US$80 million in 2014 and US$220 million in 2016 (Humanlongevity.com, 2017). This huge development of the investment is, therefore, the identification of the financial success of the company throu gh positive customer responses. Table 1: Market share of Human Longevity in 2016 The above statistical data clearly shows the fact that the main competitors of Human Longevity, Inc. are the Slack Technologies, Clover Health, Cyclane and Thrive Market. However, among those, Slack Technologies is quite near to the Human Longevity, Inc. regarding the investment (Raule et al. 2014). The founders of this company, namely, Peter Diamondis and Craig Venter are quite happy in the success of the company in occupying the topmost position regarding the financial investment for the future activities of this company in the US market. Human Longevity, Inc. delivers the results of the health risks of an individual. However, Aviv, Kark & Susser (2015) have argued that the main functional role and responsibility of this company is embedded in helping them to have a deep insight into individual health condition. The overall improvement of the human health is the most influential outcome of the service and effort of the management and scientists within this company. The management of Human Longevity has been following the Growth Strategy throughout the execution of their functional activities. As per the concept of this business strategy, this company has been trying to provide a specialised healthcare service through database information process. Although some existing techniques were also there for helping people in their treatment, the development and implementation of these new strategies has proved itself as effective to impress the attention of the customers (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). Even through this, the understanding of genotype and phenotype has also satisfied the service users. As a result, the service by the management of Human Longevity has been increasing. In fact, this growth has been made possible through market research and customer expectation.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A huge positive customer response  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Presence of the specialised healthcare persons (Humanlongevity.com, 2017)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lacking among the people regarding the advantages of this database healthcare process to get treatment for cancer, heart diseases and Alzheimer’s  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lacking in the proper experience of the specialists regarding the suitable application of this database process  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growing economy of the US industry  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interest of people to database information regarding genotypes and phenotypes  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disagreement of people with the proposed treatment process (Passtoors et al. 2013)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inexperience of the specialists may result in the customer dissatisfaction and their avoidance regarding the service process of this company Table 2: SWOT analysis of Human Longevity (Source: Passtoors et al. 2013, p.28)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The supporting nature of the US government to the healthcare organisations for the overall improvement of the public heath (Kim & Park,   2016)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The health related acts and regulations are also supportive of the development of this company  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US economy is quite strong to provide necessary financial support at the primary stage of the incorporation of the service of Human Longevity, Inc. Figure 1: US annual GDP growth rate (Source: Tradingeconomics.com, 2017)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above figure shows the fact that the final report of the annual GDP report of the US is quite progressive up to 2013 that is helpful in the development of any new business company in the US (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the growth of the serious diseases such as cancer and heart diseases, modern people has a developed concern to identify an alternative way to beat that diseases by discovering prevention processes that are supportive for Human Longevity, Inc.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interest among the healthcare specialists to help suffering people by database information and caring services in order to get the proper treatment  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on completely the scientific technology, this company has been applying phenotypic and genotypic database process in order to generate suitable healthcare knowledge   (Kuca et al. 2015)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through technological research, the management of Human Longevity, Inc. has been remodifying the previous healthcare treatment processes Table 3: PEST analysis of Human Longevity (Source: Tradingeconomics.com, 2017) From the above discussion of the nature and process of the functions of Human Longevity, it has been noticed that this company has started its services since 2013 and has occupied a satisfactory position among the audiences. Even in the operations through database information process regarding genotype and phenotype, this company has been achieving support from the US government that is helpful for the development of their future performances. Even, with the growth of the human consciousness regarding the necessity to prevent the effect of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's and heart diseases, the requirement of the services of the healthcare specialists of this company have also been increasing significantly. Through the helpful information and services of this company, they have been enabling to go through necessary treatment processes from the very beginning. The approach towards the functional activities of the management of Human Longevity has some similarities to that of the Collective business model. According to the concept of this model, the entire business functions are designed based on the web services. The management of Human Longevity has been serving the customers through database information systems so that they can understand the process that will enable them to take the proper treatment process against serious heart diseases or cancer. The scientific treatment process allotted for the service users therefore goes through necessary innovation process. Based on the above detail discussion, some key points have been evaluated as follow: The functional operations of Human Longevity are data and web-based. The services of this company have been started since 2013 in the US. The US government and their economic status are helpful for the performance of this company. As this company applies different scientific technologies and approaches during their service, there is a satisfactory customer response regarding the availing of the service of this company. Even according to the market share, this company occupies the topmost position in comparison with Slack Technologies, Clover Health, Thrive Market and Cylance. The market segmentation has centralised the focus of this company majorly on people above 40 years and specifically on them having major heart diseases, Alzheimer’s and cancer. Although Human Longevity has currently been servicing as one of the most influential healthcare services for the US people through providing them database information and treatment processes, they have some lacking that are need to be eradicated in order to enhance their customer engagement. First, the number of the healthcare specialists is needed to be increased in order to take care of a huge number of service users. Second, in order to increase this new healthcare knowledge and its significance, the management of Human Longevity can organise healthcare camps in several parts of the country. This may help in increasing awareness among people. Even, the providence of low-cost services for the financially poor people by this company may also enrich the popularity and acceptance of their services. Finally, it can be stated that the healthcare companies like Human Longevity have implemented a revolutionary step regarding the application of new strategies for making the people aware of the current condition of their physical health through an improved database process relating genotype and phenotype. Even, there is a satisfactory response from the customers regarding the advantages of this process. Although lacking in the sufficient healthcare specialists in this company, the technologies and scientific process that this company has applied are impressive and beneficial. Archibald, M.E. & Rankin, C.P., 2013. A spatial analysis of community disadvantage and access to healthcare services in the US.  Social Science & Medicine,  90, 11-23 Aviv, A., Kark, J.D. & Susser, E., 2015. Telomeres, atherosclerosis, and human longevity: a causal hypothesis.  Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.),  26(3), 295 Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights Guy, G.P., Machlin, S.R., Ekwueme, D.U. & Yabroff, K.R., 2015. Prevalence and Costs of Skin Cancer Treatment in the US, 2002− 2006 and 2007− 2011.  American journal of preventive medicine,  48(2), 183-187 Humanlongevity.com (2017) HLI Available from: www.humanlongevity.com/ [Retrieved on 23 Mar 2017] Kim, M.J. & Park, S.K., 2016. Strategies to Improve Functional Competency and Effectively Respond to Environmental Changes of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Team in Companies.  Journal of the Korean Society of Safety,  31(2), 104-111 Kuca, K., Maresova, P., Penhaker, M. & Selamat, A., 2015. The potential of medical device industry in technological and economical context Passtoors, W.M., Beekman, M., Deelen, J., van der Breggen, R., Maier, A.B., Guigas, B., Derhovanessian, E., van Heemst, D., de Craen, A.J., Gunn, D.A. & Pawelec, G., 2013. Gene expression analysis of mTOR pathway: association with human longevity.  Aging Cell,  12(1), 24-31 Piper, M.A., Evans, C.V., Burda, B.U., Margolis, K.L., O'connor, E. & Whitlock, E.P., 2015. Diagnostic and predictive accuracy of blood pressure screening methods with consideration of rescreening intervals: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.  Annals of internal medicine,  162(3), 192-204 Raule, N., Sevini, F., Li, S., Barbieri, A., Tallaro, F., Lomartire, L., Vianello, D., Montesanto, A., Moilanen, J.S., Bezrukov, V. & Blanchà ©, H., 2014. The co?occurrence of mtDNA mutations on different oxidative phosphorylation subunits, not detected by haplogroup analysis, affects human longevity and is population specific.  Aging cell,  13(3), 401-407 Tradingeconomics.com (2017) United States GDP Growth Rate Available from: www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth [Retrieved on 25 Mar 2017]

Price Strategy for Business Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

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Global Music Series Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Global Music Series - Essay Example Music is an inevitable part of any society’s culture and hence is often found deeply rooted in its culture and traditions. It is a common bond that engulfs people from diverse cultural backgrounds and ethnicities across the globe. It is a bond that separates the identities of the people as well unites them. According to De Nora2 (2001), Music is holds greater significance than a mere object of entertainment – it is also an inevitable tool that assists in regulating our affective states. The ideas and thoughts expressed through music are specific and peculiar to all cultures that carry specific meaning that is understood by the people of that particular community since it is associated with its past history. The world music is highly characterized by authenticity and exotic hybridity which has a peculiar touch of global aesthetic sense. This helps in transforming and reshaping the interrelations between music and ethnic identities of people irrespective of the limitations of geographical boundaries since world music is truly global in nature. The global music undoubtedly deals with the issues of culture and identity and is generally found to be involved or adopted by urban circles to be understood and analyzed from social, economical and political point of views. The ideas and thoughts that endure global music as a function of a ‘genre culture’ involves the policies and procedures of the industry and describes the manner in which the musicians and artists depicted here ensue to adapt and acquaint their music (Negus, 1999)

Fords Western and Leones Western Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fords Western and Leones Western - Movie Review Example This paper looks into two films individually: The Searcher, directed by John Ford (1956), and Once upon a time in the west, directed by Sergio Leone (1968). It describes their mise-en scene and beyond, introduced first by their corresponding synopsis. A comparison is made at the end. Synopsis. Although filmed on Navajo land in northern Arizona, The Searchers, begins in 1868 Texas. Ethan Edwards (played by John Wayne), a soldier, returns to his brother's farm after the end of the Civil War where he fought for the Confederacy. It has taken Ethan three years to come home, after fighting on the losing side of the Civil War. Ethan is in love with his brother's wife, Martha, but unlike his brother, he is not the man to settle down and raise a family. In this film, Ethan Edwards is seeking the two nieces who were abducted during a Comanche raid, in which his brother's family is murdered. Finding the mutilated bodies of his family, Ethan is guilt-ridden, feeling he was not there when he was needed. He thus becomes obsessed with recovering his two nieces and seeking revenge on the Comanche. This fanatic search provides the only rationale for Ethan's life, and he is determined to succeed. "We'll fin'em just as sure as the turning of the earth," he says. Ethan is a bitter and lo... Ethan becomes more concerned with executing vengeance than with finding her. During the search, when Ethan is asked, "You wanna quit" he angrily replies, "That'll be the day!" and he repeats this phrase many times in the course of the film. Theme. Based on a screenplay by Frank S. Nugent from the novel by Alan Le May, "The Searchers" deals with the winning of the West, the struggles between the invading White Man and the Native Americans, the Western Code of Honor, and old-fashioned determination vs. selfish, vengeful spite (Puccio, 2006). Ethan embodies the most important attributes of the Westerner: individualism, self-sufficiency, strength, non-conformity, and loneliness. In this movie, Ethan's solitariness is stressed visually. The film opens with a magnificent inside framing shot of a cabin door, opening up to high desert red sandstone formations and turquoise sky. Ethan appears out of nowhere, from the desert, and, at the end, after his mission is accomplished, Ethan returns to the desert. In the film's last shot, Wayne stands alone, silhouetted in the door's frame, while other people pass around, ignoring his presence. A shot similar at the beginning bookends the film. In this film, Ford illustrates the outcomes of racism and Indian hating, a seeming eloquent statement in support of the Civil Rights movement (Puccio, 2006). Consider the following conversation - Brad (to Ethan, as they follow the Comanche): They gotta stop sometime; if they're human men at all, they've gotta stop. Ethan: A human rides a horse until it dies, and then goes on afoot. Comanch' comes along, gets that horse up, rides him twenty more miles ... then eats him. Techniques. In the story, drawn away

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Reading response - Essay Example Bridal understands that respect is invaluable and someone who wants to succeed must accept the consequences of disrespect. She tells Fragrance, â€Å"A tutor for a day is a father for a lifetime† (Mair 226). This shows how much she believes and respects Ch’en. It is not always wrong to question authority or do things differently. Bridal presents to Ch’en a set of stationery that Ch’en had never seen and a portrait with weeping eyes (Mair 225). When Ch’en dismisses them, Bridal accepts it and uses what Ch’en approves. As a result of following her tutor’s instructions, she become so good at writing that Ch’en admitted that he had never seen such good writing. I personally believe that taking corrections positively is one way of progressing in life. This scene thus corresponds with my belief. The schoolroom scene is very entertaining. There is adequate use of stylistic devices such as rhyme that give it a poetic feel (Mair 223). In addition, it emphasizes the need for mutual a working relationship between people in authority and those under them, based on trust and

Kendy Oliver Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kendy Oliver - Article Example nistrative assistant in any field can really be considered a jack-of-all-trades because the support they provide allows them to gain knowledge of all activities in their department. Oliver says that the students are her biggest source of motivation. I get to work with them pretty extensively in the Student Academic Support Center and since I work at a small school, we all get to know each other, she explains. She goes ahead to describe the students as wonderful and she loves having even a small part in their academic success. Her greatest wish is to get more involved in advising as time goes on. For Oliver, working in the education sector has always been a lifelong dream; earlier on, her ambitions were on teaching elementary schools, but later she changed her career path into business. Before coming to Rosemont, she was working at a proprietary school as a Financial Aid Counselor and fell in love with the education process there. Several things attracted Oliver to Rosemont College; first, it is a small school with a similar atmosphere to Chestnut Hill College, where she completed her undergraduate work. Second, she wanted to get out of proprietary education and focus on other traditional avenues of education. Once she arrived at Rosemont, she grew to enjoy the familial atmosphere and was very happy with her decision to work here. Oliver grew up in Norristown, PA, about 15 minutes from Rosemont. Norristown is a place with a lot of potential and charm, but also many problems, she states. She continues to explain her love for the town because of all of the wonderful memories she had there while growing up, but moving forward, she would like to get more involved in measures to make her town better, such as bringing business back into town and improving the public education system. She attended Chestnut Hill College and graduated in 2012 with Bachelors in Business Administration. She admits to loving the experiences she had at Chestnut Hill College, stating that the

Industrial Waste water Treatment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial Waste water Treatment - Assignment Example oil skimming process, treatment of reacted ions and then utilizing the biological indicators for determining, if the water is fit for drinking or should it be allows to be penetrated into the environment. The oil or grease are lighter than water and can be collected over the surface of the water through simple process of skimming. After undergoing research, it is clear that the utilization of the membrane technology for the treatment of industrial water is not suitable as membranes are much sensitive to the chemicals. Thus, vapour compression processes are perfect for treating the industrial water. as, mechanical vapour compression produces water with the highest quality and is more energy efficient as compared to the thermal vapour compression, it is suitable for the industrial water treatment of the given composition. As, the water has a pH showing the more concentration of basic ions, it is important to acid acidic ions to precipitate the basic ions. Oxygen and nitrosamines are added to convert the NH3 into NO2 that is good for the plants or can be extracted easily from water through next process. The Phenols can be removed by utilizing the active carbons and UV oxidation. The treatment of the thio-cyanate can be controlled by utilizing alkaline chlorination and ozonation. NaNO2 can be removed by utilizing the sulfamic acid, which reduces the NaNO2 to nitrogen gas that can be collected or released to the atmosphere. Bacteria can be added to the water to eat COD and produce bio gas that can be used to produce power for the plant. Calcium or aluminum ions can be added to reduce the amount of PO4 in waste water. The next step would be the purification of industrial waste water through the mechanical vapour compression. Mechanical vapour compression gives the same purification as that of the distilled water and utilized the similar procedure for the purification. There is essential to utilize the high density platinum steel in the compression chamber that would

Principal Intern Essay Example for Free

Principal Intern Essay As I embarked into this higher education path I wanted nothing more than to be an administrator of an Elementary or Middle School in Texas. I was able to even envision myself in the school district I currently work in working in school administration at one of the schools I have taught at. I was fortunate on my internship year to have the position of being the instructional technology facilitator and was able to help more in depth with the administrators of my campus and learn the in and outs of the administration side of the school. Looking at all of this and having experienced it I am now thinking I am leaning towards more working towards becoming a department head or maybe the head of a academic department for the district. I am hoping the first step to this will be to become the department head for fifth grade on my campus and then moving towards becoming the English Language Arts and Reading department head. Eventually over time I hope to move into a more Reading Specialist position for a campus or even possibly a district. My ultimate goal is to move into the administration building and become a curriculum director for a district. As a leader I hope to accomplish many things to my employee’s and staff like being stronger leaders in the classrooms, stronger teachers, and being able to empower students for long term success. I have always wanted since I entered education to see the end result of my students to be a positive one and love to see the academic growth my students show over the course of a school year. I think that being able to show teachers and staff how to be and become strong leaders in the classrooms will help to majorly accomplish this goal. For me a leader is someone who listens and empowers its learners to learn in a way that fits their own personal needs and not necessarily the needs of the teacher themselves. I also think that using these techniques it will help teachers to become stronger educators in life and in the long run. Helping teachers, just like students, create a solid foundation is a great way to start them in the right direction and therefore it will be easier for them to lead themselves one day. And finally I would love to see in teachers, like I do with my students, long term success over the course of a year, two years and even ten years as they grow academically with the students. In Texas we are constantly changing the way things are being tested and handled. Being able to be a leader that is open to those changes will help me to accomplish my goals to the best of my ability while creating successful teachers and students. Reflective Practice In the beginning of these courses reflective writing did not seem to be an influential part of my learning process as a student myself. In my own classroom I did not use much reflective writing for my students because I saw it as time that I could be using on something else related to the content. Throughout the courses related to my master’s degree through Lamar University I have had to reflect in every course on what I learned throughout the class. At first I was skeptical about the reflective writing but as the course progressed I realized that by writing reflectively I was able to take the course material and transpose it into my own words. This helped me to have a clear understanding of what I learned and make it my own. One of the meaningful things that I feel I should have walked away from these courses is that the best way to become a leader is to create ownership for the staff, and I relate that to reflective writing. In my reflective writing I am walking away with a sense of ownership from my courses, and this helps to realize the main facts of what the course was about. Reflective writing now has a new meaning to me; it is now more of me creating my own ownership to the material presented in the course. I have even now find myself using reflective writing more and more in my own classroom and finding it a useful tool to assess what the students are walking away from my lessons with. To me reflective writing is a great tool to check students understanding of what was taught and what was learned. Reflective writing has had a significant influence on my practice currently in my classroom. Instead of using traditional quizzes and test I find myself using more reflective writings in my own classroom. It is a great form of writing to use to allow the students to use their own words to explain what they have learned in the classroom. In my future I plan on using reflective writing more and more in a leadership role for my staff to obtain information on how well the school is operating and working as a team. I feel that if my current principal used more reflective writing in our faculty meetings then he would have a better understanding of what is going on inside the campus. When I am a principal with my own campus I plan on using reflective writing responses in order to check if my staff walked away from staff developments with what was intended for them to learn and to also make sure that the training was effective or not to use on our campus. I would also like to implement a feedback process that involves reflective writing, which will allow staff to respond to any procedures implemented on campus that might need to be adjusted. By using this reflective writing process in the future I can make sure that my staff walks away with the knowledge they need in staff developments and in-services. This will prove to be an effective form of feedback for me and reflection on what skills they acquired. In Examining what we do to Improve our Schools Tool 8.1 the CARE Model: Planning Tool uses four steps to address change for the future the final step Evaluate allows the staff to reflective on the prior steps they have created (Harris). In this process the staff or administrator is to take steps into identifying and solving problems they are facing on campus. The first three steps are steps on how to implement and strategize the problem at hand. The fourth step in the CARE Model is to ‘identify the best ways to evaluate the implemented recommendations’ which is a way for the person(s) making the decisions can reflect on what they have created. In the same book Tool 8.2 (Harris) provides a list of reflective type questions to be answered to examine school improvement. These are great questions to guide someone’s reflection or at the very least jump start their reflection process so they have a starting point. An example of one of the questions asked in Tool 8.2 is ‘What am I doing to sustain improvement?’ These types of questions allow me as a future administrator to use for myself and others to reflect upon what we are doing as a team to create positive school improvement. Competency Development DOMAIN I School Community Leadership Competency 001- The principal knows how to shape campus culture by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a vision of learning that is shared and supported by the school community. In this competency I learned many things on how to create a vision for my campus and how to make it happen. I found it is not only important to make your school have a vision or just a common goal but the process of getting to that vision is equally important. Competency 001 is the foundation for that solid house you want to build, without the foundation a house will eventually fall and break, just like a school would without a solid foundation. As a leader of my campus it is my duty to look into creating a climate that promotes higher level thinking and teaching. When I do obtain my own campus I will be using this competency to ensure that higher expectations are required. It is not just enough to create higher standards and expect people to follow them it is equally important to create them in such a way that they can become obtained. In order to make these goals and visions obtainable and reachable it is important not to just let one person make these decisions, but to allow all stakeholders to have a say in the creation and implementation of them. I found throughout all of my courses that the most important factoring in leading your staff and students in any direction is the ownership that they have in the school. It is important that all stakeholders have a clear understanding that each party involved was and is clearly represented. I know that I feel better implementing a plan that I took part in planning or know someone in the plan that had my best interests and the student’s best interests at heart. I found myself spending 23 hours on this competency with my principal and assistant principal. The majority of the time was spent prior to school helping the committees to set up the vision and goals. We then revisited the vision in the middle of the school year to adjust to the changes our campus faces. It was also important that my principal have me sit in on grade level meetings to see if each grade level had a clear understanding of what the vision meant for them and what it looked like in their classrooms and for their students. I would say in this section of the domains I believe that I am walking away with the most mastery because of all of the actual hands on time I got to spend working with my campus vision and missions. Competency 002 The principal knows how to communicate and collaborate with all members of the school community, responds to diverse interests and needs, and mobilizes resources to promote student success. In this section I learned the importance of correctly communicating with all staff, students, and community stakeholders for my campus. Although it was difficult at times to get parents to communicate and participate at school functions I was able to learn a lot about the process of correctly communicating with them. I was able to assist in almost every letter we sent home with students explaining our events. We not only had to have a copy in English but we also had to translate all letters in Spanish as well. Over the course of the year, logging over seven hours, as paper became more and more precious I was able to focus more on call outs over the phone system and also to work on maintaining accurate information on the schools website. I had a bit of the upper hand in comparison to others in these course because I was able to find ways through our website to communicate effectively with the community. In our many multicultural events we held on campus (Hispanic Heritage Art Contest, Black History Writing Contest, Math Night, and Science Night) I was able to have exposure to the positive effect it has on students through multicultural awareness. On this competency I spent around seven hours of internship time (I believe more logged hours were possible). Another wonderful thing I learned during this lesson was how to correctly manage school wide communication that took place on campus. I was very fortunate to have a very supportive principal who was willing to take me under her wing and allow playing a huge role in all activities on the campus. My principal always told me anything you would not say out loud make sure you do not put it in writing. She taught me through example and doing how to effectively write and create e-mails to be sent to the staff. I know now the importance of tone in my writing to ensure the way the e-mail is received it is received correctly. Competency 003 The principal knows how to act with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical and legal manner. One of the most memorable things I will walk away from this course is the question to always ask myself â€Å"Is the decision to the question in the best interest of the child(ren)?† My mentors (principal, assistant principal, counselor, veteran teachers) taught me this valuable lesson that any decision, no matter the size, has to have the student’s best interest at heart. This is a great way to keep you in check to make sure you are being ethical and act with integrity in everyday decisions as a campus administrator. The legal portion of this competency comes with the knowledge of making sure to follow all state guidelines set for by the Texas Education Agency. One of the best ways I found to make sure you are following the rules legally is to ask questions. My internship supervisor, Sherry Gore through my eighteen internship hours, taught me to never be afraid to ask questions or research the answer before making a decision. The way she taught me this was not in a direct manner but more indirectly. By demonstrating to me on topics that she was unfamiliar with how she asked other principals or administrators to solve her problems I learned his valuable lesson. With the ever changing ways of education in the State of Texas, and the Country for that matter, it is important for an administrator to make sure they are up to date with all their knowledge about the laws concerning the education of the children in their school. It is also the responsibility of the principal to make sure their staff knows about any changes in laws and procedures. Making sure the staff knows of these changes it will make the transition to the new ones a smoother one for their campus and thus make the impact less stressful on the children. DOMAIN II Instructional Leadership Competency 004 The principal knows how to facilitate the design and implementation of curricula and strategic plans that enhance teaching and learning; ensure alignment of curriculum, instruction, resources, and assessments; and promote the use of varied assessments to measure student performance. One of the major witnessing to competency 004 was that of how our campus was having year after year to adjust to its ever growing numbers of bilingual and ESL students on our campus. Each year we a faced with the challenge of how to adjust to the growing numbers not only with resources but also with the staffing of these new positions needed. In all campus purchases, technology or academic workbooks, we find ourselves looking as administrators on the campus at what kind of Spanish and ESL supplements were available and how well they will work for our students needs. I found it very interesting in choosing our new reading textbooks in how different the Spanish supplements are for the different adoptions. As a person on the committee, logging over twenty-three internship hours, for our school to help us choose our next adoption it was made very clear to us at the beginning of the process that we needed to make sure we are considering not only the English portion of the textbook but the ESL materials are equally important. I knew going into it that the ESL supplements were important but it never crossed my mind how important it is to our campus. With my campus being one of two bilingual campuses it was important to my principal that our vote was heard at the district level when choosing the newest adoptions. The next step in this was implementing a new reading textbook while adjusting to the new district wide curriculum CSCOPE. It was my principal’s job to make sure that all of her staff was well aware of how to use the materials mandated by the district for our new instructional focus always keeping the students best interests at heart when training the teachers to prepare for our school year of academic success. Competency 005 The principal knows how to advocate, nurture, and sustain an instructional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. All too often there is going to be a change in policy or educational law, and with these changes there is always going to be changes in educational practices that have proven to be effective. The older methods of teaching are not necessarily the best methods to be used to reach the students of 2011. This competency ensures that the principal keep up with the best practices and methods out in the world to use for the success of our students and staff. This includes making sure that the staff is up to date on the latest practices in teaching in new and exciting ways to reach children. I spent close to twenty-one hours working with my principal and instructional facilitators to ensure that our campus had what we needed to implement new teaching practices in our classrooms. This section requires a lot of research into the newest needs of the students and then the needs of the staff to meet those needs. One example of a staff development that I was part of implementing with the principal and instructional facilitators was when we had to move into a new online lesson planning system. This system was completely online and making paper lesson plans not necessary. It was my responsible to make sure the staff was trained in how to use this new system to its full potential. I had to attend training provided by the company ht owned the software as well as district training to show me how to show the staff how to use this new system. It was essential that the staff knew how to implement this program because it was soon to become a mandate by the district to improve district lesson plan sharing throughout the entire district. The essential great thing for the teachers was that of making teachers resources more readily available to district employees across the di strict. Competency 006 The principal knows how to implement a staff evaluation and development system to improve the performance of all staff members, select and implement appropriate models for supervision and staff development, and apply the legal requirements for personnel management. With this area I feel I need a little more practice, and that is my fault in the internship hours and plan. I do however plan on using my current principal to help me to understand the evaluation process of a staff member. With only putting in eight hours into this area of focus I feel that I need to focus more on the PDAS system. I know the system as a teacher but I feel I need to works towards better understanding of the administrator side of the evaluations. I did focus my attention on part of this aspect as determining the needs of the staff and creating a staff development for the staff to grow from. With the help of the assessment specialist on my campus I found that we as a staff needed more focus on how to properly prepare the kids to take tests for a long period of time. We gathered information and tips for the staff to use while preparing the students for their long awaited TAKS tests. We then used a simple evaluation survey at the end of the training to evaluate the effectiveness of the training to meet the needs of the teachers and students. We produced a lot of reflective time for teachers to share their own experiences in the classroom that allowed students to work to their best potential. With the knowledge of the results of the survey we used the knowledge we gained to conduct follow mini-trainings to assess the needs of the staff after they implemented the practices. The reason we conducted the mini-follow ups was because of the survey evaluation at the end of the training said they enjoy the trainings we have but they need further help after we implement the training in our classrooms. Competency 007 The principal knows how to apply organizational, decision-making, and problem solving skills to ensure an effective learning environment. Spending close to eighteen hours working on this competency it clear to see that this competency is an important one in relationship to the effectiveness of a campus. One major thing I learned from my principal was that you need to be organized enough to make sure you put together a quality interview to ensure that you put together a quality staff. I was fortunate enough to be able to sit in the interview process of one of our future teachers. The before part of the process was the preparation in getting ready for the interview, my principal using the Gallup interview process so she must be organized and ready. During the interview quality questions prove to be the most effective in choosing future staff members. Following the interview there is a debriefing with the hiring committee to ensure that the newest staff member would be a good fit for our campus and our students. We then moved onto working with the staff and interviewing them on what needs to be improved on campus. The next step in this process for my principal and I was to look towards the staff and see how well they internalized or resisted change in our continuous improvements implemented at the campus. We had to look at what changes were the best for the students as a whole and the needs of our at risk students.

Gender Communication Essay Example for Free

Gender Communication Essay The concept of gender is often poorly differentiated with sex, at times even being utilized synonymously with sex. The terminology gender commonly appears within both popular and academic discourses regarding social event dynamics. However, regardless of the form in which the term appears, authors seldom specify what they imply by the terminology. It is widely assumed that readers and listeners already comprehend the connotation and hence explanation is ruled out as being unnecessary. The sex/gender disparity embodies some feminists’ attempts at breaking the link between the organic sex category and the social gender category. As per this social molding viewpoint, gender refers to the customary sense which ultimately becomes dependently linked to the body. When gender becomes understood to be culturally molded, it becomes likely to evade the essentialist notion which suggests that gender emanates for the organic body (Clancy, 2004). However, despite the fact that the disparity between culturally molded gender responsibilities and ahistorical organic sexes attacks the idea that females’ organic configuration make up their social fate, it encounters some difficult dissociation of culturally-derived genders out of sexed bodies. Women and men exhibit dissimilar but similarly valid communication styles. The speaking modes displayed by both women and men have gender differentials. Essentialism belief holds that, since biological disparities between men and women exist, men and women are obviously dissimilar with regard to personality and character. Strict organic essentialism proposes that ones gender construction is not influenced by nurture. Essentialists assume men to be aggressive, strong, violent, logical, brave, lustful, independent and disciplined. Conversely, women are viewed as being passive, weak, cowardly, gentle, emotional, having no sexual appeal, having no stamina and self-control plus extremely invested in their associations with other persons. Aristotle suggested that men are more courageous, virtuous and noble as compared to women. The 1900s saw philosophers like John Locke and Emmanuel Kant argue that the social separation of female and male gender is reasonable owing to the innate disparities between female and male bodies. Scientist in the 1900s studied studies on female and male bodies and proposed that since male craniums were bigger in comparison to female craniums and feminine pelvises proved bigger than masculine pelvises, males are more suited for business, politics and general community life, whereas females whose little craniums supposedly signified lesser intellect, were most suitable to child bearing and home tending (http://www. humboldt. edu/~mpw1/gender_theory/perspectives4. shtml). The ramifications of essentialist gender perspectives are extensive. Conventional gender responsibilities are somewhat based upon some fundamental organic determinism; a viewpoint that views biology as being destiny. Consequently, females have had the principal responsibility of housework and parenting, with men being the wage earners. Even presently, males outnumber females in government and business and women and girls are not as powerfully urged to practice occupations in science, technology and math as are men and boys. Essentialists hold that gender is the same as sex, or that the two concepts are naturally-derived (God-given) and indivisible. Gender and observable sex indicators, such as, vagina and penis are inseparable. This theory holds that merely two gender types exist from birth and they are not altered throughout life. No continuum exists between these two genders since any appearances or behaviors not coherent with such suppositions are considered as being perverse. Essentialism holds that females are dissimilar with men owing to their anatomy, particularly their minor sex traits, hormones plus reproductive structures. Gender disparities in verbal capability and visuo-spatial, aggression plus other actions, as well as other mental and physical characteristics are attributed to pubertal or prenatal hormone contact. Essentialist stances may exist within developmental psychobiological, sociological, neuropsychological and ethological work. Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) female and male brain picture Disparities or other mental aspects, for instance, are at times regarded as mirroring inborn disparities. Gender disparities in spatial, verbal and Mathematical capabilities are usually regarded as being organically based (http://www. humboldt. edu/~mpw1/gender_theory/perspectives4. shtml). Constructivists hold that gender as well as sex are derived from social relations and do not exist without social contact. It admits social influences upon persons’ gender. It assumes that manhood or womanhood implies endorsing some general function unique to an individual’s sex. Personal uniqueness, sexual inclination, as well as modes of socially interacting is determined by some set of individual constructs. This implies that gender and sex do not have natural foundations because nature itself is essentially socially defined. The constructivist quality of Gender and sex is rendered invisible through typical social life dynamics and this makes the two notions seem natural as opposed to artificial (Gergen, 2007). Persons construct fresh knowledge, through assimilation and accommodation processes, out of the experiences they undergo. Assimilation involves integrating fresh experiences into previously existent frameworks with no alteration of such frameworks. Such events could happen when person’s experiences reflect their inner world representations; however, they may as well happen whenever alteration of some defective understanding happens, for instance persons may fail to detect events, could misinterpret others input, or could conclude that some occurrence is offer some unimportant information regarding the world. On the contrary, whenever persons’ experiences disagree with their inner representations, they could alter their viewpoints of such experiences with a view to conforming to their inner representations. Accommodation involves restructuring ones intellectual outside world interpretation to suit fresh experiences (Glasser, Smith, 2008). It is the means though which learning emanates from failure. When persons act based on the anticipation that the world functions in some specific way only for such expectations to be violated, such individuals usually fail. However, through accommodating such fresh experience as well as restructuring their model regarding the functioning of the world, persons learn through experiencing disappointment or the failure of others. . Constructivists suggest that gender representations systematize an individual’s personality uniqueness, social awareness and interpersonal actions. The notion of classifying as either female or male is the vital initial action in the classification of human beings following birth, and owing to contemporary technological advances, even some months prior to birth. Sexual inclination; whether bisexual, homosexual or heterosexual, at puberty it too viewed as a vital gender representation element that is vital to interpersonal actions and societal lives (Rosser, 2003). Men interact with the world as persons within hierarchical communal order whereby they are either placed down or up. Conversations in Such worlds comprise of negotiations whereby persons attempt to attain and uphold the dominant position when they can, as well as shield themselves from the attempts of others to shove them about and drag them down. Life, in such circumstances comprises of some contest or efforts to uphold autonomy and evade failure. Women approach the world as individual within some system of linkages. Ni such a world, dialogues comprise of consultations for intimacy whereby persons attempt to look for and offer support and confirmation, as well as to arrive at a consensus. Persons attempt to shield themselves from the attempts of others to drive them farther. Therefore, life consists of some community and efforts to uphold intimacy as well as evade segregation. Despite the fact that hierarchies exists in such world too, such hierarchies are associated more with friendship as opposed to accomplishment and power (http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=166569). Females too are inclined towards attaining status as well as evading failure, however, such objectives do not occupy all of their time, and women seem to seek for such goals while disguised as maintaining connection. Men too are inclined to attaining participation as well as evading segregation, however, they do not focus on such objectives; they seem to seek for them while disguised ads opposing them. Thus, Women and men seek entirely different entities during communication, and they as well functions as per varied rules. Men’s self-worth originates form the capacity to attain outcomes; whereas women’s self-esteem originates form her sensations as well as the fineness of their relationships. Therefore, women fair better in personal contact and communication; communication has primary significance (Armstrong, 2006). For womenfolk, relationships take precedence over technology and work. Individual expression, particularly regarding their emotions, is extremely crucial. Sharing of personal emotions has greater significance than attaining goals as well as success. Interpersonal contact and talk grants tremendous satisfaction. References Armstrong, A. (2006). Foucault and feminism. Retrieved on 25th May 2009 from http://www. iep. utm. edu/f/foucfem. htm. Clancy. (August 7th 2004). Essentialism: draft of 3W encyclopedia entry. Culturecat. Retrieved on May 25, 2009 from http://culturecat. net/node/486. Gergen, M. (2007). Positioning in general relations: from constructivism to constructionism. Retrieved on May 25, 2009 form http://74. 125. 95. 132/search? q=cache:rvPREfxYUt8J:www. taosinstitute. net/Websites/taos/Images/ResourcesManuscripts/manu_gergen_01. doc+constructivist/constructivism+views/approaches+on+gendercd=8hl=enct=clnk. Glasser, H. M Smith III, J. P (June 30th 2008). On the vague meaning of â€Å"gender† in education research: the problem, its source, and recommendations for practice. http://74. 125. 95. 132/search? q=cache:KNx-Y-ZIM_EJ:aera. net/uploadedFiles/Publications/Journals/Educational_Researcher/3706/09EDR08-343. pdf+Compare+%26+contrast/ANALYZE+the+essentialist+view+%26+the+constructivist+views+on+gendercd=3hl=enct=clnk. Humbolt edu. Perspective used to look at gender. Retrieved on May 25, 2009

How To Do Gram Staining

How To Do Gram Staining Observation of microorganism under microscope can be improved by using certain processes and techniques such as the staining. Staining is an important step to observe microorganisms more clearly, to differentiate between microorganisms as well as to differentiate parts in microorganism (Bagyaraj et al, 2005). The identification, morphology, some extracellular and intracellular components of microorganisms can be determined and detected through the staining. Many microorganisms difficult to be observed under microscope due to their colourless appearance and semitransparent properties as their refractive index almost same as surroundings (Patil et al, 2008). The stain improves contrast for visualizing microorganisms. Staining process can be explained either as physical, chemical reaction or combination of the both reaction. There are different types of staining such as the simple stain, differential stain and special stain. Simple stain can be used for observing certain basic structures as well as the shape of microorganisms. Differential stain while can be used in distinguishing between different types of microorganisms. Special stain on the other hand can be used for identifying specific structures in the microorganisms such as the flagella (Frey Price, 2003). Gram-stain is one of the commonly used differential stains. The Gram-staining process discovered in 1882 (published 1884) by Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist and plays an important role in the classifying the bacteria. Gram-staining is usually the first step in identification bacteria and can be used in characterizing bacteria. Bacteria species can be separated into two large groups, which are the Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups through the Gram-staining (Sridhar Rao, n.d.). This process also important in clinical laboratory such as to examine and identify bacteria responsible for certain diseases. Staining process requires the preparation of smear that contains a thin layer of bacteria. The preparation of smear involves spreading and fixing of microorganisms on the microscope slide. Use of smear prevents microorganisms from being washing away with stain (Vasanthakumari, 2009). Besides the smear, there are four important components in the Gram stain process, which are the primary stain, mordant, decolourizing agent as well as the counterstain that used in sequences. The primary stains usually basic dye such as crystal violet that reacts with acidic component of cell and causes all the bacteria to be stained with the crystal violet or purple. The other dye like the methyl violet can also be used. The other component, mordant in the Gram stain refers to iodine. Mordant is chemical that increases affinity of the stain to the microorganisms and also their coating, making certain structures thicker for easier observation under microscope. The decolorizing agent decolorizes dye from cell that already being stained (Rajan, 2005). The degree of decolorization different in bacteria depends on their chemical components. Decolourization agent commonly refers to ethanol or other solution like acetone or mixture of acetone and ethyl alcohol. Counterstain while is another basic dye that important in giving new colour for cells that decolourized. Counterstain can be the safranin (used in this practical) or the carbon fuchsin. The Gram stain (differential stains) gives different colour for different types of bacteria. The colour is the one that determine whether the bacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative. The Gram positive bacteria resist decolourization and give result of crystal violet or purple colour (primary stain). Gram-negative bacteria decolorize and give red or pink colour as it takes up counterstain (Ananthanarayan Paniker, 2006). The difference in result is due to the differences in the cell wall structure or composition of bacteria that causes the different in the reaction with the series of reagents in Gram staining (Talaro, 2007). Preparation of Staining Reagents: Crystal violet Solution A: Crystal violet 2.0g Ethanol, 95% (v/v) 20 ml Solution B: Ammonium oxalate 0.8g Distilled water 80 ml Solution A and B mixed. Mordant Iodine 1.0 g Potassium iodide 2.0 g Distilled water 300 ml Iodine and potassium blended with mortar, distilled water added during blending until iodine dissolved. Decolorization solvent Ethanol, 95% (v/v) Counterstain Safranin 0.25 g [2.5 %(w/v)] Ethanol 10 ml [9.5% (v/v)] Distilled water 90 ml Materials: Glass slide Escherichia coli in broth culture Escherichia coli in agar culture Bacillus sp. in broth culture Bacillus sp. in agar culture Staphylococcus aureus in broth culture Actinomycetes sp. in broth culture Actinomycetes sp. in agar culture Kimwipe Bunsen burner Dropper Distilled water Inoculation loop Procedure: Preparation of smear: For culture taken from liquid medium (broth), 1 drop of culture to be examined was transferred by using inoculation loop onto a slide and spread to from circular smear. For culture taken from solid medium (agar), one drop of distilled water first dispensed on the slide. The single colony then spread on the water to form circular smear. The slide was heat-fixed with flame. Gram-staining The slide was placed on the rack. 1-2 drops of crystal violet was dropped on the smear and left for 2 minutes. The crystal violet was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds. Iodine solution was dropped and left for 2 minutes. The iodine solution was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds. The smear was decolorized by washing with ethanol (95%v/v) for less than 10 seconds. The ethanol then rinsed off with distilled water for 10 seconds. Safranin solution was dropped on the smear for 10 seconds. The red-coloured safranin was rinsed-off with distilled water. The side was dried using Kimwipe or air-dry. The slide was observed under the microscope. Results: (A)Escherichia coli G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1773.JPG 1(a) Broth culture (zoom in). 1(b) Agar plate (zoom in). Figure 1: Microscopic image of Escherichia coli under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from different culture (B) Bacillus species G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1745.JPG G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1738.JPG 2(a) Broth culture (zoom in). 2(b) Agar plate (zoom in). Figure 2: Microscopic image of Bacillus sp. under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from different cultures. (C) Staphylococcus Aureus G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1767.JPG Figure 3: Microscopic image of Staphylococcus aureus under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from broth culture (zoom in). (D) Actinomycetes species C:UsersmichelleDocumentsUMS MICROBIOLOGYPHOTOSS1.JPG G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1760.JPG 4(a) Broth culture (zoom in) under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'-. 4(b) Agar plate (zoom in) under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'-. Figure 3: Microscopic image of Actinomycetes sp. under different magnification from different culture. Table 1: The result of Gram stain on different microorganism Type of microorganisms Shape of the microorganisms Colour stained on microorganisms Gram positive or Gram negative Escherichia coli (broth culture) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Pink Gram negative Escherichia coli (agar plate) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Pink Gram negative Bacillus sp. (broth culture) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Purple Gram positive Bacillus sp. (agar plate) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Purple Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus Coccus or round-shaped Purple Gram positive Actinomycetes sp. (broth culture) Mycelial Purple Gram positive Actinomycetes sp. (agar plate) Mycelial Purple Gram positive Discussion: For every bacterium studied, a smear is first prepared as the smear enables Gram staining to be done without washing away bacteria together with stain. The spreading process (for both broth and agar culture) enables the distribution of bacteria on slides so that suitable density of bacteria can be found on the slide. This increases chance of individual bacteria to be observed under microscope (Port, 2009). The microorganisms from agar first suspended in distilled water before spreading. Without spreading, bacteria may be too concentrated, crowded and overlapped (in clumps), making the observation to be difficult. The slide was heat fixed after drying. Heating enables coagulation and precipitation of protein of bacteria to occurs, hence fix the bacteria on slide. The bacteria killed and adhere to the surface. Fixation makes the bacteria rigid, immobile, increased permeability and affinity to staining. This also prevents the autolysis process of bacteria (Aneja, 2003). During the fixat ion process, slides not be placed directly above the heat or passed through too many times as overheat may causes changes in the shape and hence cause the distortion of the microorganisms. At the same time, less heat supplied may cause the microorganisms do not fix firmly. Before heat fix, the slide is allowed to dry completely as wet bacterial suspension may create aerosol (Shimeld, 1999).The presence of water may also cause over heating. The crystal violet added as the primary stain. Crystal violet is basic dye and has affinity for cell structures that are acidic such as the protoplasm. Crystal violet is added to stain everything on slide or to stain all bacteria (Gram positive or Gram negative). This is same for all the seven samples. Crystal violet dye enters the cells and stained with crystal violet colour. It was suggested that the aqueous dye dissociated into CV+ ion and chloride, Cl- ion (Hussey Smith, n.d.). The positively charged ion binds to the negatively charged components in cell after penetrating the cell wall and cell membrane, hence giving the purple colour. The extra crystal violet dye that not binds to cell is cleared by distilled water. Addition of iodine in next step enables the crystal violet dye to further fix and adhere to organisms (Medical Education Division, 2006). This is due to the formation of complex between iodine and dye ion (CV-I complex) as the negatively charged iodine ion (I- or I3 - ion) binds to the positively charged ion of dye (CV+ ion) in cytoplasm and hence bacteria appeared as violet colour (Vasanthakumari, 2009). The solubility of the dye decreased during the process as the ions bind to organisms. Iodine acts as mordant as it increases affinity of crystal violet stain to organisms. The addition of 95% ethanol as decolourizer enables the lipid to be extracted or dissolved from the cell wall for the Gram negative bacteria like the Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane that constitutes most of the cell wall, also known as lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) in cell wall (Clark et al, 2009). This is a lipid bilayer structure that differs from cytoplasmic membrane. This layer not only made up of phospholipids and protein, but also polysaccharides that not commonly found in cytoplasmic membrane. Polysaccharide portion made up of core polysaccharides and O-polysaccharides while the lipid portion made up of lipid A which then bind to the core polysaccharides. This LPS layer is located outside a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane gives rises to high lipid composition in the cell wall. Decolourizer dissolve off lipid, hence increases the permeability of cell wall which eventually enables the crystal violet-iodine complex to be lost toget her with the lipid. The cell wall (murein layer) of Gram positive layer while has no outer membrane but have thick, cross-linked and multi-layered peptidoglycan. Teichoic acids, the phosphorylated polyalcohol can be found embedded in peptidoglycan layers. These acids can be found bonded to muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan. Lipoteichoic acid which refers to the teichoic acids that binds to the lipids of membrane can also be found in Gram positive bacterial cell wall. In certain actinobacteria, structure called mycolic acids also can be found. The lack of outer membrane gives rises to low lipid composition in cell wall. Hence, the action of decolorizer on Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp.) causes dehydration of cell wall due to the thick peptidoglycan and the composition of lipid available to be dissolved is low. This eventually decreases cell wall permeability, closing pores on cell wall and hence retain the crystal violet-iodine complex inside (Diffe rential staining: The Gram Stain, n.d.). As the cell shrinks, the complex trapped in the thick peptidoglycan and hence cells do not decolourized. After this process, E. coli is in colourless as the crystal-violet iodine complex loses while Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. still in purple colour. Ethanol was not added for more than 30 seconds. Over decolourization can cause the stain of Gram positive bacteria to decolourize and appears as Gram negative (Betts et al, 2003). Under decolourization (too short) also avoided as it can cause dye to be removed incompletely from Gram negative bacteria. Both situations can give false results. After decolorization, smear was washed with distilled water for 15 second to completely stop the decolourization process. The counterstain, safranin solution then stained the E. coli that is colourless with the red colour. Safranin is basic dye (cationic ion) carry the positive dye ion, chromophore that attached to acidic cell structures (negatively charged) such as the protoplasm. Basic dye also attached to other negatively charged macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acid (Archunan, 2004). Both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria took up the counterstain but the colour of Gram Positive do not change much as it already stained with p urple. For every dye, there is different period of time for staining. This is to prevent over or under stain that may results in inaccurate result. From the observation, Escherichia coli stained red and give accurate result of Gram negative. The shape of E. coli can be observed as rod shape. Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. while shows results of Gram positive as all are stained with purple colour. The shapes observed are respectively rod-shaped, round-shaped and in mycelial. For Staphylococcus aureus, the cocci shape is sticked together in clumps or amorphous sheet and not separated. For E. coli, bacillus sp. and staphylococcus aureus, two samples are taken, one from the broth and one from the agar. Both the samples show the same results. The difference is on the amount of microorganisms observed. Bacillus sp., for example, that taken from agar plate is very crowded. This is because the each colony taken contains a number of microorganisms. It is more difficult to be observed the shape of the organisms. However, the colour stained can be observed clearly. For the broth culture, individual organisms and the shape as well as the colour can be observed more clearly. Conclusion: Gram staining is important in differentiating Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in which the Gram positive bacteria stained purple colour while Gram negative organisms stained pink. Escherichia coli is Gram negative while bacillus sp., staphylococcus aureus and actinomycetes are Gram positive bacteria.